Pubblicato in AA. VV., Sicilia, l'isola da amare anche attraverso il recupero della memoria storica delle nostre radici , edizione a cura del Lions International, 2009. Una stretta di mani: questo il simbolo di solidarietà ricorrente nell’iconografia delle Società Operaie di Mutuo Soccorso (S.O.M.S.). Queste Società, che precorrono la nascita del movimento operaio organizzato e del sindacato, nacquero con funzioni di assistenza ai soci, in caso di invalidità e disoccupazione, and charity.
the birth of the Kingdom of Italy there were only one hundred ninety-three Company mentioned in only one hundred thirty-four Piedmont, place of origin of the labor movement (in Asti, in 1853 it was held the first of the seven congresses of workers' associations of the Kingdom of Sardinia) in Sicily there were only two, Palermo and Corleone. The SOMS
developed during the second half of the nineteenth century, following the significant social and economic changes that occurred with the Unit.
congress in Parma in 1863, on the advice of Giuseppe Mazzini, it was decided the foundation of the Newspaper Association of Workers, "while the statute (" Act of brotherhood societies italiane”) fu approvato nel Congresso di Napoli del 1864.
A metà degli anni Sessanta nelle aree minerarie dell’agrigentino c’era un embrione di movimento operaio organizzato nelle S.O.M.S., le quali avevano perfino un organo ufficiale di stampa, “L’Operajo”, dal 1865 pubblicato ogni settimana a Girgenti. Erano la prima risposta organizzativa dal basso alle inumane condizione di miseria e sfruttamento dei lavoratori delle miniere; condizioni che nel 1880 sarebbero state rilevate nella loro reale brutalità da un’ispezione del senatore Giorgio Tamajo, prefetto di Girgenti e massone.
A Canicattì i primi tentativi di fondazione di associazioni di mutuo soccorso iniziarono nei primi anni Settanta. Intellectuals were driven by two Republicans, the lawyer Vincenzo Macaluso and pharmacist Nicholas Narbone.
the birth of the Kingdom of Italy there were only one hundred ninety-three Company mentioned in only one hundred thirty-four Piedmont, place of origin of the labor movement (in Asti, in 1853 it was held the first of the seven congresses of workers' associations of the Kingdom of Sardinia) in Sicily there were only two, Palermo and Corleone. The SOMS
developed during the second half of the nineteenth century, following the significant social and economic changes that occurred with the Unit.
congress in Parma in 1863, on the advice of Giuseppe Mazzini, it was decided the foundation of the Newspaper Association of Workers, "while the statute (" Act of brotherhood societies italiane”) fu approvato nel Congresso di Napoli del 1864.
A metà degli anni Sessanta nelle aree minerarie dell’agrigentino c’era un embrione di movimento operaio organizzato nelle S.O.M.S., le quali avevano perfino un organo ufficiale di stampa, “L’Operajo”, dal 1865 pubblicato ogni settimana a Girgenti. Erano la prima risposta organizzativa dal basso alle inumane condizione di miseria e sfruttamento dei lavoratori delle miniere; condizioni che nel 1880 sarebbero state rilevate nella loro reale brutalità da un’ispezione del senatore Giorgio Tamajo, prefetto di Girgenti e massone.
A Canicattì i primi tentativi di fondazione di associazioni di mutuo soccorso iniziarono nei primi anni Settanta. Intellectuals were driven by two Republicans, the lawyer Vincenzo Macaluso and pharmacist Nicholas Narbone.
Vincenzo Macaluso is the first company to working Canicattì
Canicattì Born in October 31, 1824, the lawyer. Macaluso took part in the riots of '48. Then it was the most active organizers of the conspiracy during the Risorgimento who was in contact with George Tamajo, Francesco Crispi, and other patriots. In 1859 he organized a revolt against the Bourbons, which also involved the work of some of the mines Girgenti, the failure of which earned him a death sentence, the third sentence imposed dai Borboni. Durante l’impresa dei Mille fu nominato Commissario per la provincia di Girgenti; poi fu ivi consigliere di Prefettura, a Lagonegro Prefetto, a Caltanissetta consigliere di Prefettura e consigliere comunale, a Canicattì consigliere comunale. Fu fondatore e direttore del periodico “La Pietra” e direttore del giornale romano “Le forche caudine”. Scrisse diversi saggi tra cui Rivelazioni politiche sulla Sicilia e gravi pericoli che la minacciano.
Personaggio notevole dunque, che occupa inoltre un posto di rilievo nella storia dell’associazionismo siciliano: scrive il suo biografo Paolo Scrimali che egli «fu socio di diversi circoli e società di Sicilia»; e ancor di più fu fondatore di diverse types of associations, consumer cooperative, Masonic Lodge, a company worker.
in Caltanissetta, in 1868 founded a consumer cooperative, possibly the first of its kind in Sicily, with the stated aim of striking a monopoly of the consumer goods sector in the hands of speculators, to develop the spirit of association and generally "improve social conditions "of Caltanissetta. Strengthened by this experience, later in Rome and would constitute a direct consumer cooperative society. (A Canicattì the cooperative would have, under the leadership of Domenico Messina, a development after World War II).
In Florence he founded and was Worshipful Master of Masonic Lodge "Rosolino Pilo. And in Rome was "Outstanding Delegate in the valley of the Tiber." Such a wide margin of Freemasonry in the play came from the highest degree in the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, that of Grand Inspector General.
of great interest in local history is our attempt to involve the workers of Canicattì. The initiative was launched in 1871, when Mazzini organized in Rome, from 1 to 5 November, the Congress of the brothers. There were one hundred fifty-three represented companies with a hundred delegates. Reconfirmed the brotherhood of the Act of 1864, Congress overwhelmingly approved a document which explicitly adhered to the doctrine Social Mazzini.
do not know if one of the companies represented at the conference there was to Canicattì and among those represented by delegates. Macaluso, it is certain that 4 December 1871 the director of PS Lalomia sent to the Prefect of Girgenti a "secretive" about a "Workers' Association in Canicattì"
"Yesterday at about 2 pm in a room of this former convent of S . Francis of Assisi, this was Mr. Macaluso Vincenzo Angelo da Canicattì, brought together about 60 N by telling workers that, in order to establish the company in wanting Canicattì. After he made a short speech to the assembly of the establishment of this company, the melting and so everyone returned to their homes.
Intanto si fa osservare che Canicattì essendo un Mandamento dedito interamente all’agricoltura, non avendo fabbriche od opifici di sorta, scarseggia molto di operai, e quindi difficilmente, per non dire impossibile, potrà stabilirsi ed avere incremento una tale società, quantunque da quanto sinora si è potuto rilevare, si crede che vi siano circa 80 affiliati, la maggior parte dei quali tutta gente illetterata e di nessun conto, che va all’idea che facendo parte di detta Società, questa dovrà provvedere al loro bisogno e mantenimento, senza che si addicessero a lavoro o prestassero l’opera loro.
A quanto pare, lo scopo del sig. Macaluso nel voler mettere in campo in Canicattì tale società, which should not be a difficulty for the unknown nature of this, was to an affiliated party, so then on the anniversary of General Election win votes for Member of Parliament, where he has his aspirations, and so puts the extreme left engulf or anarchy, continues to oppose the government ... ".
year after a political opponent of Macaluso, Salvatore Gangitano (future Senator of the Kingdom of Italy and Mason), presided over a similar company in Campobello di Licata purposes that most electoral solidarity.
"On 20 December 1872 the Director of PS Campobello S. Ciotti compiled a" State of the Society of Mutual Aid " Campobello as it covered the cav. Salvatore Gangitano Honorary President of the Charity of the workman of Campobello, established on 1 October 1872 and whose purpose was "education and work 1st, 2nd material help and moral." Regarding the political spectrum, the CEO called Ciotti members "attached to the current Liberal government" and "Observation on the prevailing political views and" noted that: "As recently founded has not demonstrated political tendency, however, but from the founding leaders shows that their aim is to excel in all the elections, both political and administrative. Their inclination to support the Marquis Rudini current Member of Parliament and the current Mayor, endorsing the Knight Gangitano ".
A second company, inspired by Mazzini, was founded two years after the pharmacist Narbone.
Narbone Nicola and the Workers' and Ciceruacchio Mameli"
I Carabinieri Narbone considered a 'free thinker', while the PS wrote of him posing as "a self-proclaimed Republican, and international levels", he was sent to this newspaper from Messina Mazzini "Faith and Future," and expressed "ideas hostile to the Government '.
The new association he founded, called "Mameli and Ciceruacchio", joined the Covenant di fratellanza votato al XII congresso delle Società operaie affratellate, svoltosi a Roma nel 1872. Esso ebbe sede in un magazzino dell’ex convento di San Domenico e vi si associarono circa quaranta operai. Il suo capitolato aveva «per base» quello di una Società nissena. Ne fu primo presidente Calogero Messana, che si dimise presto per dissidi interni. Suo Presidente onorario fu invece Giuseppe Garibaldi, il quale, nello stesso anno, aveva suggerito la convocazione di un «Congresso delle forze democratiche, repubblicane, operaie e massoniche». Ne furono soci onorari i più prestigiosi repubblicani e massoni d’Italia, fra i quali Federico Campanella, che nel Grande Oriente d’Italia «ricopriva incarichi di alta responsabilità e su suggerimento [di Mazzini] era succeduto a Garibaldi alla guida del Supremo Consiglio scozzesista palermitano». In una lettera alla Società operaia canicattinese il Campanella invitava i soci a «propagare i principi mazziniani» e a «mantenere ferma l’adesione al patto di fratellanza» del XII Congresso. Fu immediatamente deliberato l’acquisto di un torchio «per la pubblicazione di un Giornale che, nel secolo delle macchine, avrebbe dovuto esser l’organo della Società Operaja». Della sua costituzione e attività si occuparono la P.S., i Carabinieri (che sostenevano essere «diretta a scopi politici» e i suoi soci «avversi» alle istituzioni), i giornali “L’Amico of the People "in Palermo," The Citizen "of Caltanissetta and the 'Emancipation' of Rome, and the Ministry of the Interior. With a "Confidential" to the Prefect of Girgenti Cantelli asked the minister "to know more closely the decisions of the Company's workmen on the designation of their representatives" to the XIII Congress of the Society shall be bound in brotherhood workers for days 29, 30 and 31 March 1974.
On 16 May 1874 the Prefect compiled a list of workers 'mutual aid associations in the municipalities of the province, "Circle Agrigentino workman," "Patriotic Society Licata", "Mutual Aid" Racalmuto' Mutual Aid Working Men 'of Campobello di Licata, "Company workman Garibaldi Ravanusa," Workers' Mutual Aid Society of Lampedusa, "MS Society of workmen" of Memphis. As you can see, there appears Canicattì. The experience was very mutual canicattinese ephemeral, probably for the reasons highlighted by the director of PS in a "Confidential" in the December 4 '71: The instrumental use of associations for electoral purposes.
Epilogue
What Macaluso, of Narbonne and then, it was just the beginning of a long journey that would bring in the decades after creation of new mutual aid society. Following
mutual associations in the province grew more and more, in quantity and quality. "Of the fourteen workers' societies, which are located in the province," he wrote in 1881 in Vittorio Savorini economic and moral conditions of workers in sulfur mines and farmers of the province of Girgenti, "already since 1878 have established four primary evening pei pei members and their children. "
A few years later, in 1886, they joined a new mutual aid societies canicattinese, the Workers' Association "Children of the job." "The main objective of the Company 'According to Article 1, Statute is "the mutual aid: Promoting education and morality and ben'essere worker, coaperare effectively to freedom of the fatherland and to the improvement of humanity indefinitely and independence." Article 23 lists the categories present in Canicattì workers who could be part of the company "tailors, murifabri, carpenters, fabbroferrai, painters, sculptors, stucchieri, Adorno, scappellini, barbers, watchmakers, silversmiths, Tornieri, hat, warm, saddlers , Saponari, pasta makers, bakers, riddled, crivai mechanical and artists. "
In 1893, with the establishment of the cohort of workers came out of these categories fase della mera mutua assistenza per entrare in quella più matura della rivendicazione dei diritti sindacali. È opportuno ricordare che nei Fasci confluirono parecchie società di m.s.
A Canicattì si sarebbe comunque continuato a costituire associazioni di m.s. come testimoniano la Società “La Redenzione del lavoro” e la Società di mutua assistenza fra zolfatai, attive nel primo Novecento.
Salvatore Vaiana
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